ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
Genetic characterization of human enterovirus A71 genotypes C4 and B5 Circulating in Qingdao City, Shandong province, China, from 2023 to 2024.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and this virus exhibits substantial genetic diversity. To clarify its genomic evolutionary features, this study conducted a phylodynamic analysis on EV-A71 viruses collected in Qingdao (a northern Chinese city) between 2023 and 2024. EV-A71 was identified using a commercial real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay; EV-A71-positive samples were then inoculated into rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells for virus isolation. The complete genome sequences and VP1 gene sequences of EV-A71 strains were amplified and analyzed, with IQ-TREE, SimPlot, and RDP4 software used to evaluate their evolutionary characteristics. Among 2,083 clinical samples, 27 were EV-A71-positive, with 19 isolates successfully cultured. Whole-genome analysis confirmed the co-circulation of EV-A71 genotypes C4 (5 strains) and B5 (14 strains). The C4 strains showed high homology to a strain isolated in China in 2019 and carried six lineage-specific mutations. In contrast, the B5 strains clustered into two distinct lineages, including recombinants that had undergone genetic recombination with coxsackievirus A4 (CV-A4) and coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2). Notably, all EV-A71 strains collected from Qingdao maintained a serine (S) at the 17th amino acid residue of the VP1 region. This work enhances our understanding of the geographical distribution of EV-A71 by confirming the sustained circulation of genotype B5 in northern China and identifying a novel C4/B5 co-circulation pattern in Qingdao-a pattern reflecting complex local evolutionary dynamics. It emphasizes expanding genomic sequencing coverage to monitor B5 and recombinant strains, refining surveillance, and guiding HFMD prevention and control.
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