Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41476998›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of preventive cardiology2026

The risk of cardiovascular death in systemic immune-mediated diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Stefano Figliozzi, Thanakorn Rojanathagoon, Spyridoula Karogianni, Lorenzo Cambini, Marco Bernardi, Cristina Panico, Fabrizio Ricci, Maria De Santis, Antonio Cannatà, Marinos Kallikourdis and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of preventive cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Observational
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Stefano FigliozziCardio Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Thanakorn RojanathagoonSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Spyridoula KarogianniDepartment of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Lorenzo CambiniHumanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milano, Italy.
Marco BernardiDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
Cristina PanicoCardio Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Fabrizio RicciDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
Maria De SantisDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milano, Italy.
Antonio CannatàBritish Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, King's College London, London, UK.
Marinos KallikourdisDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milano, Italy.
Sebastiano SciarrettaDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
Giulio StefaniniCardio Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Mamas A MamasKeele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
Gianluigi CondorelliCardio Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Pierre F SabouretSorbonne University, ACTION Study Group, Inserm UMRS1166, Heart Institute, Pitié-Salpetriere Hospital, 47-83 Bd de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
Georgios GeorgiopoulosDepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aims: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the association between systemic immune-mediated diseases (SIDs) and cardiovascular death. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed from inception through September 28, 2024. Effect measures for cardiovascular death were extracted for overall SIDs and for individual subtypes. Pre-specified sensitivity analyses and meta-regression by age, sex, and follow-up duration were conducted. The study followed MOOSE guidelines (PROSPERO-ID: CRD420251033612). Results: From 76,531 records, 39 observational studies comprising 171,748 patients were included. SIDs were associated with higher cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.26; 95 % CI 1.09-1.47; Conclusions: SIDs were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death. The strongest associations were observed in SLE, GPA, RA, and among females. Although causality could not be inferred due to the observational nature and the heterogeneous cohorts of available studies, these findings underscore the need for improved risk stratification in these high-risk groups.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular deathInflammationRheumatic diseasesSystemic immune-mediated diseases

Identifiers

PMID41476998
PMCPMC12752519

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.