ArticleBiochemistry and biophysics reports2026
Comparative analysis of activation of macrophages/microglia in diabetic retinopathy and Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.
Article in Biochemistry and biophysics reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) are two prominent retinal diseases. The role of macrophages/microglia in the vascular dynamics of FEVR and DR is unknown and thus addressed in this study. FZD4 knockout mouse, a model for FEVR in human characterized by genetic mutations affecting angiogenesis, exhibited reduced b-wave amplitudes and decreased vascular density, replicating human FEVR symptoms. Conversely, STZ-treated C57/BL6 mouse developed heightened fasting glucose levels, reduced insulin content, and increased retinal vasculature, aligning with DR features. Further analysis revealed significant differences in macrophage/microglia populations between the two diseases. In DR, a marked increase in both number and M2-like polarization of retinal macrophages/microglia was observed, contrasting with FEVR. Moreover, DR induced substantial proinflammatory differentiation of macrophages/microglia, evidenced by elevated cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFNɣ. Both conditions significantly upregulated Ang-1 and IL-10, with a more pronounced IL-10 increase in DR, suggesting a more active role in tissue and vessel remodeling. Notably, DR induced higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors like bFGF, TIMP-1, TGFβ1, and VEGF-A compared to FEVR, suggesting a balance of inflammation initiation, progression and resolution. These findings highlight the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in FEVR and DR, providing insights into their contributions to disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies through reprogramming macrophages/microglia.
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