ArticleFood science & nutrition2026
Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effectiveness of a Sodium Intake Monitoring Smartphone Application (NamakBan) on Clinical Outcomes of Patients Diagnosed With Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nursing open · 2026Trial
- Clustering patterns of behavioral and metabolic risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in Iran: findings from a national STEPS survey.Global health action · 2026Article
- Peripherality and Indicators of Nutrition Status in Jewish Israeli Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Association of Selected Anthropometric Indices With Diabetic Kidney Disease Among Iranian Adults With Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Empowering Young Adults as Agents of Household Dietary Change: Findings From a Pilot Study Involving a Digital, Family-Led Sodium Reduction Intervention in Singapore.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Pattern of salt intake among Iranian hypertensive patients: insights from the 2021 STEPS study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Salt Contents in Fermented Dairy Products: A Strategic Blueprint for Healthier Intake.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
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25 authors.
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Abstract
High salt intake is a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases globally. This study aimed to assess salt intake and attitude to salt consumption in Iran in 2021 using STEPS data. Data were analyzed from a population-based survey with a nationally and sub-nationally representative sample of Iranian adults. A systematic cluster sampling approach was employed. In total, 17,910 participants were included in the salt intake analyses, and 27,838 participants were included in the attitude and practice analyses. Spot urine samples were collected to estimate 24-h urine sodium and daily sodium intake. Participants also completed questionnaires, and anthropometric and physical measurements were taken. The mean daily salt intake in Iran in 2021 was 9.71 g/day, with 97.98% of participants exceeding the WHO-recommended limit of 5 g/day. Salt intake was higher in men than in women (9.95 vs. 9.51 g/day), and higher among rural compared to urban residents (10.02 vs. 9.6 g/day). Married and obese individuals had elevated salt intake. Participants with hypertension consumed more salt than those without (9.83 vs. 9.64 g/day). However, among hypertensive individuals, those aware of their condition consumed less salt. 91.96% of participants thought that excessive dietary salt could cause health problems and 57.93% considered reducing salt intake "very important." Participants who added salt in their last meal had 1.77 times higher odds of excessive salt intake. Men (OR = 1.48) and those with higher BMI (OR = 1.67 for overweight, 2.26 for obesity) were more likely to exceed recommended salt levels. Our results underscore an urgent public health challenge, as salt intake among Iranian adults is nearly twice the recommended threshold. Habits such as using salt shakers, adding salt during cooking, and consuming salty processed foods were more common among individuals with higher estimated intake. These associations underscore the need for continued national attention to salt reduction efforts.
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