ArticleInternational journal of breast cancer2025
HCCS Serves as Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Human Breast Cancer.
Article in International journal of breast cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Zeste White 10 May Serve as a Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Human Breast Cancer.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2026Article
- Multi-omics landscape and functional validation of HCCS in breast cancer: from pan-cancer immunometabolic characterization to regulating tumor proliferation.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Integrative bioinformatics analysis identifies HCCS as a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in lung cancer.Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markersArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Among its subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses the greatest therapeutic challenge due to its aggressive nature and lack of targeted treatments. Holocytochrome c synthase (HCCS), a mitochondrial enzyme essential for cytochrome c maturation, may play a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression profile, epigenetic regulation, immune interactions, prognostic significance, and molecular networks of HCCS across cancers, with a particular focus on breast cancer and its subtypes. Methods: Publicly available datasets and bioinformatics tools were employed to analyze HCCS expression, methylation, survival outcomes, immune infiltration, and interaction networks. Expression and clinical outcomes were examined using TCGA, while methylation and expression patterns were assessed via UALCAN and TNMplot. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and immune infiltration was evaluated with TIMER2.0. Protein-protein interaction networks were generated with STRING, and functional enrichment was conducted through g:Profiler. Key findings were validated in independent breast cancer cohorts from GEO and the GOBO platform. Results: HCCS was significantly overexpressed in multiple cancers, with the highest upregulation observed in breast cancer, particularly TNBC. Hypomethylation of the HCCS promoter was associated with increased expression. High HCCS expression correlated with poorer relapse-free survival and greater immune infiltration, including CD4 Conclusion: This integrated bioinformatics analysis highlights HCCS as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer, particularly in TNBC, although further experimental validation is required before clinical application.
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