Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV‑2 Spike Protein Using a Fully 3D-Printed Electrochemical Biosensor.

Dayenny L D'Amato, Natália M Caldas, Lucas V de Faria, Ana Beatriz C Souza, Guilherme P Oliveira, Diego O Costa, Mikaelly O B de Sousa, Rafael M Dornellas, Célia M Ronconi

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Article in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Dayenny L D'AmatoDepartamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-7009

Natália M CaldasDepartamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.

Lucas V de FariaDepartamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Fundão, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-3975

Ana Beatriz C SouzaDepartamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8344-8044

Guilherme P OliveiraDepartamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.

Diego O CostaDepartamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.

Mikaelly O B de SousaDepartamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.

Rafael M DornellasDepartamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.

Célia M RonconiDepartamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-9661

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

3D printing has been used for the rapid and low-cost fabrication of sensors across various fields. Multimaterial additive manufacturing enables the simultaneous deposition of conductive and structural materials, allowing the development of integrated electrochemical biosensors without the need for postprocessing. In this work, we report a 3-in-1 3D-printed electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S Ptn). The biosensor consists of a graphite/polylactic acid (G/PLA) working electrode modified with gold nanoparticles conjugated to polyclonal antibodies (pAb-AuNPs), and carbon black/PLA-based reference and auxiliary electrodes. Detection is achieved via an indirect immunoassay, measuring the decrease in cathodic current of a [Fe-(CN)

Identifiers

PMID41476498

DOI10.1021/acsomega.5c09067

PMCPMC12750377

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.