Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41476303›Full record

Observational studyBMC pediatrics2026

Understanding the challenges: preterm birth and middle childhood psychomotor skills - a case control study.

Mirela Kozakiewicz, Paulina Ewertowska, Ewelina Perzanowska, Dominika Wilczyńska, Tamara Walczak-Kozłowska, Agnieszka Orlikowska, Maria Markowicz, Jolanta Zajt, Jan Kaczor

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05930522 (Psychomotor Performance of Preterm Infants Born Between 24 and 35 Weeks of Gestation), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05930522 completednot on this map

Psychomotor Performance of Preterm Infants Born Between 24 and 35 Weeks of Gestation

TypeobservationalSponsorGdansk University of Physical Education and SportRan2018 to 2020Enrolled180ConditionsPsychomotor Development Impaired
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mirela KozakiewiczDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
Paulina EwertowskaDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland. paulina.ewertowska@awf.gda.pl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-6244
Ewelina PerzanowskaDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
Dominika WilczyńskaFaculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland.
Tamara Walczak-KozłowskaDepartment of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
Agnieszka OrlikowskaDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
Maria MarkowiczDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
Jolanta ZajtDepartment of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
Jan KaczorDepartment of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn recent years, there has been a notable advancement in perinatal and neonatal intensive care, leading to a higher survival rate among infants born prematurely. Premature birth may have significant consequences for development, and numerous studies have highlighted the correlation between low birth weight, postnatal growth, and the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, as well as potential disturbances in cognitive function later in life. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical fitness, postural stability, and psychomotor performance of children aged 8 years, who were born before 35 weeks’ gestation.

methodsThe study enrolled 40 children born between 24 and 35 weeks of gestation (PCh) and 39 children born at term (CTRL). The European Physical Fitness Test (EUROFIT), postural stability tests using a Biodex Balance System, and the Vienna Test were performed. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the results of PCh and CTRL. The power analysis was conducted by G*Power.

resultsPCh achieved significantly worse results (p < .05) in all EUROFIT tests than CTRL. However, they performed better results (p < .01) of postural stability on unstable platform with closed eyes. In the Vienna Test, PCh achieved a significantly fewer (p < .05) correct responses and mistakes, but higher reaction times (p < .01). PCh performed positive correlation (p < .05) between omitted responses and Plate-Taping Test and negative with Sit-and-Reach Test, and with OSI on the unstable platform with eyes closed. In CTRL there was positive correlation (p < .05) between Sit-and-Reach Test and correct responses and mistakes, and negative with median reaction time.

conclusionsPreterm children aged 8 years present reduced motor skills, better dynamic postural stability with closed eyes, and weaker reactivity to stimuli in comparison to their peers born at term. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05930522

Indexed as

Infant, PrematurePhysical FitnessPostural BalancePremature BirthPsychomotor PerformanceCase-Control StudiesChildFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMaleBalanceEUROFITPremature babiesStabilityVienna test system

Identifiers

PMID41476303
PMCPMC12756924

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.