Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41475663›Full record

ReviewJournal of advanced research2026

Process-Programmed Extraction-Structure-Activity Relationships (ESAR) in edible and medicinal mushroom polysaccharides: a mechanistic and application-oriented framework.

Cunchao Zhao, Muhammad Aaqil, Rui He, Muhammad Kamil, Jingchuan Zheng, Yuwei Guo, Zhen Zhang, Taufiq Nawaz, Feng Zhang, Lijun You and 1 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
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  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Cunchao ZhaoCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China; Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Muhammad AaqilCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Rui HeBeijing Plant Doctor Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China.
Muhammad KamilCollege of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650201, China.
Jingchuan ZhengCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Yuwei GuoCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Zhen ZhangCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Taufiq NawazDepartment of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
Feng ZhangCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Lijun YouSchool of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China. Electronic address: feyoulijun@scut.edu.cn.
Yang TianCollege of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China. Electronic address: tianyang1208@163.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEdible and medicinal mushroom polysaccharides (EMMPs) display wide-ranging bioactivities, yet progress has been limited by siloed workflows. Extraction, structural analysis, and biological evaluation are often conducted independently, obscuring how processing parameters shape polymer architecture and, consequently, biological function. This fragmentation contributes to inconsistent outcomes and poor reproducibility across studies. AIM OF THE REVIEW: To bridge these gaps, this review (2020-2025) applies an extraction-driven structure-activity relationship (ESAR) framework that directly links processing conditions to structural features, mechanisms, and functional outcomes. It prioritizes well-characterized β-glucans where defined structural features allow direct mapping from extraction parameters to molecular architecture and biological effects. The objective is to shift the field from "finding an active extract" to engineering process-defined polymer architectures that deliver targeted mechanisms and reproducible, application-specific outcomes. Key scientific concepts of the review: Within ESAR, extraction variables such as solvent system, temperature, pH, and enzymatic or physical assistance influence branching patterns, molecular-weight distributions, and conformational features such as triple-helix stability. These structural attributes in turn influence bioactivity by governing receptor engagement and activation pathways. Comparative analyses across representative β-glucans reveal that differences in molecular weight ranges, branching patterns, and helix/coil conformations account for the distinct potencies observed across studies. It also clarifies common sources of variability related to strain differences, cultivation substrate, processing severity, and analytical methods. This review introduces ESAR as a unifying framework that converts fragmented polysaccharide studies into predictive design principles for real-world translation. It demonstrates how extraction-defined molecular engineering can drive reproducible development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and adjuvant therapeutics. Such reproducibility is essential for translating laboratory findings into reliable industrial and clinical applications.

Indexed as

AgaricalesPolysaccharidesHumansStructure-Activity RelationshipPolysaccharidesApplicationsEdible and medicinal mushroom polysaccharidesExtraction-structure-activity mappingMode of action

Identifiers

PMID41475663
PMCPMC13539238

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.