ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2026
Identification of Factors Influencing Variability in Disinfection Byproducts and Their Toxicity in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems across the United States.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are dynamic environments where disinfection byproducts (DBPs) form and transform, shaped by factors such as the disinfectant type, water chemistry, biofilms, and pipe materials. Understanding the occurrence and drivers of DBP formation within DWDSs is essential for evaluating water quality and potential health risks. This study examined DBP occurrence and variability across eight utilities in the United States, three using chlorination and five using chloramination (as secondary/residual disinfectants), by analyzing 152 quarterly samples collected from multiple locations within each distribution system. Regulated DBPs were found at the highest concentrations. Haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) contributed most to the predicted toxicity. Spearman correlations, redundancy discriminant analysis, and random forest regression revealed how key influencing predictors of DBPs vary between chlorinated and chloraminated systems. Elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and primary disinfectant type were the two most important contributors to DBP formation, with DOC most influential in chloraminated systems and primary disinfectant type (HOCl vs O
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