Association of Anaemia and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: This research aims to find out the prevalence of depression in all types of anaemia patients of all age groups and genders by conducting a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies. Methodology: The relevant peer-reviewed literature describing primary data analysis was thoroughly evaluated using the PRISMA checklist as a reference. We searched databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, to identify research publications published between 2003 and 2024. R software version 4.3.0 was utilised to perform the meta-analysis, and the JBI score was employed for quality appraisal. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q and I2 statistics. To pool estimates, a random-effects model was employed. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's regression test. Results: After combining the results of the papers, the prevalence of depression was estimated at 36 % (CI = 95: 28-45 %) based on a random effects model. Sub-group analysis showed that the prevalence of depression was higher in patients with sickle cell anaemia (42%) followed by Thalassemia (35%) and Iron deficiency anaemia (20%). Sub-group analysis also found a higher prevalence (almost double) of depression in anaemic patients of Asia (40%) and the African continent (37%,) which is almost double as compared to America (28%) and Europe (20%). The declining trend of meta-regression analysis demonstrates that depression prevalence is higher among young anaemia patients (Children and adolescents) as compared to older ones. Conclusion: Routine screening for depression may be required during regular follow-ups of anaemic patients, especially in resource-limited settings.