Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41471191›Full record

ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Genotypic Diversity of Human Rhinovirus in Children with Pneumonia Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico.

Janet Sánchez-Ramos, Miguel Leonardo García-León, Patricia Bautista-Carbajal, Luis Alfonso Salazar-Soto, Daniel E Noyola, María Susana Juárez-Tobías, Pedro Antonio Martínez-Arce, María Del Carmen Espinosa-Sotero, Verónica Tabla-Orozco, Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Janet Sánchez-RamosInfectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-4490-8876
Miguel Leonardo García-LeónInfectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-9706-6545
Patricia Bautista-CarbajalInfectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0003-1641-127X
Luis Alfonso Salazar-SotoInfectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
Daniel E NoyolaCenter for Health Sciences and Biomedicine Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-4840-6742
María Susana Juárez-TobíasDepartment of Pediatrics, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosí 78290, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0003-0688-4145
Pedro Antonio Martínez-ArceDepartment of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44200, Jalisco, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-7580-8261
María Del Carmen Espinosa-SoteroDepartment of Pediatrics, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06760, Mexico.ORCID 0009-0003-1315-1246
Verónica Tabla-OrozcoEmergency Department, Hospital Pediátrico de Coyoacán, Mexico City 04000, Mexico.
Gerardo Martínez-AguilarHospital Materno Infantil, Durango 34000, Durango, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-7878-2503
Fabian Rojas-LariosHospital Regional Universitario IMSS Bienestar de Colima, Colima 28000, Colima, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0003-1744-9173
Izveidy Mondragón-SalinasHospital de las Culturas, San Cristóbal de las Casas 29264, Chiapas, Mexico.
Rosa María Wong-ChewInfectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-3582-5120

Funding

Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT) Direccion General de asuntos del personal Academico, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico IN230423Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación 303081
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the most common viral causes of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions significantly altered the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. This study compared HRV genotypic diversity in Mexican children with pneumonia before and during the pandemic. A total of 1983 children with pneumonia were included: 1404 pre-pandemic (2010-2013) and 579 pandemic (2021-2023). Multiplex RT-PCR was used for HRV detection. Genotyping was conducted on 136 samples with Ct < 30 by sequencing the VP4/VP2 region. Species and genotype assignments were validated using BLAST and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis (MEGA XII). HRV positivity increased from 16% (233/1404) before the pandemic to 60.4% (350/579) during the pandemic period. HRV-A and HRV-C predominated in both periods; HRV-C infection was significantly associated with severe pneumonia in the pre-pandemic period (OR 3.520;

Indexed as

COVID-19Genetic VariationPicornaviridae InfectionsRhinovirusChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGenotypeHumansInfantMaleMexicoPandemicsPhylogenySARS-CoV-2childrengenotypeshuman rhinoviruspneumonia

Identifiers

PMID41471191
PMCPMC12736054

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.