Digital Metrology for Nanoindentation: Synthetic Data Generator for Error Identification.

Digital metrology enables precise, real-time measurement and data analysis using digital tools, which enhances accuracy and efficiency in manufacturing and quality control. Among key enabling technologies, Digital Twins allow continuous control, enabling predictive maintenance, faster error detection, and optimised performance of the measurement system. A current challenge is establishing traceability for the Digital Twins and for the data processing algorithms implemented in digital metrology. Nanoindentation is a challenging measurement technique that may be susceptible to several random and systematic measurement errors. This work presents a parametric synthetic dataset generator for quasi-static, room-temperature nanoindentation that incorporates correlation and covariance among simulated quantities. The method models indentation responses through a power-law formulation fitted via Orthogonal Distance Regression, allowing for traceable and physics-informed datasets. The generator enables the association of uncertainty with simulated results, supporting its use within a metrological framework. Its performance is benchmarked against non-parametric methods such as bootstrapping, showing comparable accuracy with significantly reduced computational cost and improved representativeness. Furthermore, the methodology can simulate main measurement errors for advanced material characterisation and develops a traceable tool based on synthetic data which could be used to train advanced quality control tools for the detection of main measurement errors.