ArticleJournal of water and health2025
Risk factors for well contamination in urban Indonesia: evidence to inform siting of wells and sanitation systems.
Article in Journal of water and health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In Indonesia and many urban areas, the coexistence of on-site sanitation and groundwater supply poses faecal contamination risks. Indonesian standards recommend a minimum 10-m horizontal separation and 2-m groundwater depth for siting sanitation systems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of these criteria in Metro City by mapping wells and sanitation systems, controlling for other risk factors, and repeat measurements of groundwater depth and well contamination. E. coli was detected in 70% of wells, with a median concentration of positive samples of 47 MPN/100 mL (interquartile range 6 -727 MPN/100 mL). Although 60% of wells were within 10-m of a sanitation system, horizontal separation was not significantly associated with contamination. Shallower groundwater was significantly associated with an increased presence and high concentrations of
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