Electro-Stimulated Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites Enable Wearable Patches With Feedback-Controlled Drug Release.

Santosh K Misra, Ketan Dighe, Pranay Saha, Teresa Aditya, Muhammad S Khan, Maha Alafeef, Parikshit Moitra, Dipanjan Pan

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Santosh K MisraBioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.

Ketan DigheDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Pranay SahaDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Hallowell Building, University Park, PA, USA.

Teresa AdityaDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Hallowell Building, University Park, PA, USA.

Muhammad S KhanCardiovascular Research and Training Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Maha AlafeefDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Hallowell Building, University Park, PA, USA.

Parikshit MoitraDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Hallowell Building, University Park, PA, USA.

Dipanjan PanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-4704

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials capable of spatiotemporal control over drug release are of nanocomposite patch ("e-Medi-Patch") engineered from biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL), graphene nanoplatelets, and a redox-active therapeutic, niclosamide. The hierarchical composite integrates π-π interactions between aromatic drug molecules and conductive graphene to enhance loading and retention, an Au microelectrode interface to enable wireless electrostimulation, and bluetooth-assisted impedance sensing for real-time monitoring of release dynamics. Under mild electrical stimulation, the nanocomposite exhibits on-demand, unidirectional release of niclosamide with tunable kinetics, confirmed by modelling, in vitro melanoma cell studies, and in vivo xenograft tumor regression. Unlike conventional slow-release patches that rely on passive diffusion, the e-Medi-Patch uniquely offers on-demand electrostimulatory release with real-time feedback monitoring, transforming drug delivery from a static system into an actively controlled, intelligent therapeutic platform. Beyond melanoma, the platform accommodates other redox-active therapeutics and offers scalable melt-blending fabrication. This work establishes an integrated materials-electronics strategy for wearable, feedback-controlled drug delivery, bridging multifunctional nanocomposites and precision medicine.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsGraphiteNanocompositesWearable Electronic DevicesAnimalsCell Line, TumorDelayed-Action PreparationsDrug LiberationElectric StimulationHumansMelanomaMicePolyestersDelayed-Action PreparationsGraphitepolycaprolactonePolyesterscontrolled releasegraphenenanomaterialpolymerreal time monitoringwearable

Identifiers

PMID41466367

DOI10.1002/adhm.202505894

PMCPMC13088759

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.