Observational studyJournal of foot and ankle research2026
Automated Optical 3d Scanner to Assess Postoperative Edema Following Forefoot Surgery.
Observational study in Journal of foot and ankle research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Automated Optical 3d Scanner to Assess Postoperative Edema Following Forefoot Surgery.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2026Observational
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundPostoperative edema is a common and often underestimated consequence of forefoot surgery, potentially affecting wound healing, patient comfort, and recovery time. Traditional measurement techniques, such as water displacement and circumferential taping, have limitations in the immediate postoperative period due to infection risk and operator dependence. This study aimed to quantify and monitor with a 3D optical scanner the postoperative edema following forefoot surgery and to identify risk factors associated with increased edema volume.
methodsIn this prospective, single-center observational study, 108 patients undergoing forefoot surgery were evaluated using the UPOD-S 3D optical scanner. Each patient underwent serial volume assessments of both feet at baseline (Day 0, preoperatively), and postoperatively at Days 8, 21, 45, and 3 months. Patients were classified into three groups based on the type of surgery: isolated first ray procedures, combined first ray and lesser rays procedures, and isolated lesser ray procedures. A mixed-effects multivariate model was used to evaluate the impact of sex, age, BMI, surgical type, and postoperative footwear on volume changes.
resultsThe operated foot showed a significant increase in volume compared to baseline at all postoperative timepoints (p < 0.001), peaking at Day 21 (+78 cm
conclusionWe monitored forefoot surgery postoperative edema using 3D optical scanning. Male sex, elevated BMI, and multiple forefoot procedures were found to be key risk factors for prolonged or increased edema, which typically peaked at Day 21 and decreased thereafter in our study.
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