SynthesisMedicine2025
Gastrointestinal side effects of the non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Semaglutide Bioavailability: Limitations, Formulation Innovation and Future Opportunities.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Comparative Positioning of Orforglipron Among Selected GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Benchmarks: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Orforglipron: A Comprehensive Review of an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, commonly prescribed for diabetes mellitus and weight loss, often cause gastrointestinal side effects in both their oral and injectable forms. Recently, oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists like danuglipron and orforglipron, which are smaller and more stable, have been investigated. This study analyzes the gastrointestinal side effects of these newer, smaller molecules.
methodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature databases like PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and clinicaltrials.gov until November 2023. Data related to different doses of oral danuglipron and orforglipron and their gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, eructation, and dyspepsia were obtained. Analysis was done using RevMan v5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).
resultsWe included a total of 4 studies of which 2 each were for danuglipron and orforglipron. The oral doses of orforglipron studied were 12 mg, 24 mg, 36 mg, and 45 mg, with nausea being the most common side effect in all groups. For the 45 mg dose of orforglipron, the odds ratio (OR) was 4.41 (95% CI: 2.90-6.71), while the 36 mg dose had an OR of 3.99 (95% CI: 2.22-7.18). The OR for the 24 mg dose was 5.66 (95% CI: 3.39-9.45), and the 12 mg dose showed an OR of 5.06 (95% CI: 3.31-7.73). Oral danuglipron at doses of 80 mg and 120 mg were also studied. The 120 mg dose of danuglipron had a pooled OR of 4.38 (95% CI: 2.30-8.34) while the 80 mg dose had an OR of 3.69 (95% CI: 1.77-7.67) indicating a significant decrease in gastrointestinal side effects.
conclusionGastrointestinal side effects of the non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists were widely reported but less frequent compared to placebo/ standard treatment. There was no significant dose-dependent increase in the side effects of these medications.
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