ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immunopathogenic Mechanisms in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Incessant Loop of Immunity to Fibrosis.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Factors Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- High-resolution computed tomography assessment of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: Advances in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation.World journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Beyond Acute Infection: A Conceptual Framework Linking Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens to Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Carcinogenesis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Neuropsychiatric disorders in pulmonary fibrosis: from brain network alterations to inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- PD-L2 deficiency in Alveolar macrophages drives fibrosis, apoptosis, and ferroptosis via M1 polarization in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Primary Sjögren's syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease: a case report with favourable response to tocilizumab.Drugs in context · 2026Article
- Inflammatory activity as a predictor of clinical deterioration in interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: a comparative cohort study with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by the progressive convergence of chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and fibrotic remodeling in the lung parenchyma. While often conceptualized through a model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), CTD-ILD is fundamentally an immune-driven pathology with distinct inflammatory mechanisms in which adaptive immunity plays a profound role. This narrative review explores the "inflammation-immunity-fibrosis continuum" in CTD-ILD, elaborating the intricate cellular and molecular pathways that distinguish it from IPF. We highlight the central role of persistent T-cell responses and B-cell dysregulation, which often occur within organized tertiary lymphoid structures in the lung. This review examines how these immune processes are propagated by multiple cytokine pathways, including the TGF-β/SMAD, JAK/STAT, and phosphodiesterase-4 signaling pathways, which serve as crucial links between inflammation and fibrosis. This distinct immune mechanism in CTD-ILD explains why immunomodulatory agents are a cornerstone of CTD-ILD treatment, in contrast to their limited efficacy in IPF, and emphasizes the current paradigm of combining immunosuppression with antifibrotic drugs to target the dual drivers of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.