ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
iNOS in Macrophage Polarization: Pharmacological and Regulatory Insights.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Macrophage polarization plasticity in pulmonary fibrosis: a review from pathogenesis to therapeutic targeting.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Adipose Tissue Expandability as a Link Between Nutrition and Obesity-Related Metabolic Risk: Insights from Bariatric Surgery.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2) Expression in Healthy and Inflamed Bowel: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- An Innovative Sprayable Mg-MOF Hydrogel Enhances Healing of Chronic Wounds with Multifaceted Pathologies in a Porcine Model.ACS nano · 2026Article
- CCL3 promotes oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer via CCR5-mediated tumor cell survival and macrophage M2 polarization.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Phytopharmacological Profiling ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Special Issue "Natural Product-Based Strategy for Skin Inflammatory Disorders and Regeneration".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Astrocytic Redox Homeostasis as a Metabolic Modulator of DNA Damage and Repair in the Ischemic Penumbra.Cells · 2026Review
- Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of Egyptian Salvia species reveals promising leads for chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory drug development: In vitro and In silico study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An inflammation-targeted lipid nanoparticle inhibiting ferroptosis for spinal cord injury repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Effect of PI3K-p110α Inhibitor Alpelisib in the Differentiation and Effector Functions of M-CSF and GM-CSF Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Advances in artificial metabzymes for macrophage polarization in tumor metabolic immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Monosodium Glutamate InhibitsMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Modulation of resting macrophage activity via low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and α-lipoic acid: an in vitro study using a PCL-based biomaterial.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of DNA methylation-mucosal innate immunity crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- DAPT Mitigates Osteoarthritic Cartilage Degeneration and Enhances Articular Repair Through Targeted Modulation of the Gucy1a3 and Notch Signaling Axis.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses, with their polarization states (M1 or M2) exhibiting both pro- and anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-cancer functions. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation through its impact on macrophage polarization. As a hallmark of M1 macrophages, iNOS drives pro-inflammatory responses, while its suppression favors anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. This dual role as both a biomarker and regulatory hub positions iNOS as a promising therapeutic target across diverse disease states. This review examines the roles of iNOS modulation in macrophage polarization across various disease models. Both synthetic and natural iNOS regulators have been shown to modulate iNOS activity, thereby reprogramming macrophages toward either inflammatory or reparative phenotypes. We categorize these regulators into those that directly inhibit enzymatic activity and those that indirectly modulate through signaling pathways. Additionally, recent preclinical and clinical studies on iNOS inhibitors are summarized, highlighting their therapeutic potential in inflammatory, metabolic, and oncologic diseases. Taken together, the evidence underscores the therapeutic relevance of iNOS regulation as a strategy to reprogram macrophage plasticity in disease-specific immune microenvironments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.