ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2025
Risk Factors for Social Exclusion and Stigma in a Group of Non-Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundStigma in many contexts is defined as a process of differentiation, othering, and discrimination. Its external manifestations include outward negative attitudes, and bad behaviour targeted at those with a specific condition. SARS-CoV-2 infections have been seen as a dangerous clinical condition towards people. The aim of the study was to describe the risk factors for suffering social exclusion and stigma in a group of people with COVID-19.
methodsWe included 95 people into a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. They were invited to participate voluntarily to answer an online survey to determine and describe the effects produced by COVID-19 on social exclusion, stigma, self-compassion, demoralization, and self-care.
resultsThe participants, mostly women (61.1%), showed high education (72.6%) and did not require hospitalization (90.5%). A total of 18.9% of the participants reported social exclusion, of which 86.7% were women; they only had a dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (60%), poor sleep quality (46.3%), and suffered stigma (12.6%) from relatives and/or co-workers. Being female, not having the complete vaccination schedule and presenting stigma during COVID-19 were risk factors for social exclusion.
conclusionSignificant negative psychosocial consequences are observed in people who, in addition to suffering from COVID-19, suffer from social exclusion.
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