How Quotation Types Shape Classic Novel Reading in Chinese: A Comparison Between Human Eye-Movements and Large Language Models.

Lijuan Chen, Wenjia Zuo, Xiaodong Xu

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Lijuan ChenSchool of Foreign Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.

Wenjia ZuoSchool of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.

Xiaodong XuSchool of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.

Funding

the Jiangsu Social Science Fund 23YYB010

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Quotations play a central role in shaping narrative perspective, as they guide readers' adoption and shifting of character and narrator viewpoints. While direct speech (DS) is often assumed to enhance vividness and emotional engagement, its cognitive demands relative to free direct speech (FDS) and free indirect speech (FIS) remain unclear, particularly in Chinese classical literature. Using eye-tracking, we investigated how Chinese readers process DS, FDS, and FIS in the Four Great Classical Novels, manipulating perspective congruency through

Indexed as

direct speechentropyeye-trackingfree indirect speechlarge language modelsnarrative perspectivequotation typessurprisal

Identifiers

PMID41463993

DOI10.3390/bs15121650

PMCPMC12729666

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LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.