Beyond the Surface: A Consensual Qualitative Research into the Multifaceted Nature of Bullying.

Bullying is a significant social issue, yet research often relies on quantitative methods. Our study aimed to gain a deeper insight by giving students a voice in expressing their experiences and perceptions, focusing on how youth define and perceive bullying, the different roles involved, and the coping strategies they identify. We conducted 16 focus groups with 220 Italian students, using the Consensus Qualitative Research method. Seven key domains emerged, with core ideas classified by frequency: general (>75%), typical (25-75%), and variant (≤25%). In "Characteristics of bullying," power imbalance was general, intentionality was typical, and repetition was variant. In "Bullying behaviors," physical and verbal bullying were general; relational bullying was variant. Regarding "The bully," moral disengagement and compensation were general, retaliation was typical, and intimidation was variant. For "The victim," perceived weakness and well-being were general, ethnic victimization was typical, and victim blaming was variant. In "Other roles," pro-bullies and passive bystanders were typical; defenders were variant. "Victim's coping strategies" included nonchalance, distancing, and seeking social support as general; retaliation as typical; and talking with the bully as variant. Finally, "Bystanders' coping strategies" included protecting the victim (typical) and self-protection (variant). These findings offer a nuanced perspective on bullying and inform more targeted interventions.