ReviewCancers2025
A Theoretical Framework for Ligand-Functionalised Magnetic Lipid Nanoparticles in Glioblastoma Therapy.
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modeling blood-brain barrier-glioblastoma interactions: implications for chemoresistance and therapeutic targeting.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal cancer controlNanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Dual-Function Lipid-Based Nanovector Strategy for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: STING Activation and M1 Microglia Polarization.Drug development research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumour with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Therapeutic failure is driven by multiple barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the tumour microenvironment (TME), and intratumoural heterogeneity. Conventional delivery systems often fail to achieve sufficient drug accumulation or controlled release within the tumour. In this review, we outline a theoretical framework for the design of ligand-functionalised magnetic lipid nanoparticles (MF-R-LNs), a multifunctional nanoplatform that integrates active targeting, stimuli-responsive drug release, and external magnetic-field control. The proposed MF-R-LNs incorporate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for magnetic guidance and hyperthermia; polyethylene glycol (PEG) for extended circulation; and surface ligands such as peptides, antibodies, or aptamers to target GBM-specific receptors including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Interleukin-13 receptor alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2), and integrins. Triggered release mechanisms such as pH-sensitive lipids, redox cleavable linkers, and enzyme-responsive coatings enable selective drug release within the TME. Magnetic hyperthermia serves as both a therapeutic modality and a remote trigger to enhance release and tumour penetration. This modular design offers a theoretically robust strategy to overcome the key physiological and therapeutic barriers in GBM. We discuss the rationale behind each design feature, explore potential synergies, and highlight translational challenges such as tumour heterogeneity, manufacturing complexity, and safety concerns. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, clinical translation faces substantial hurdles, notably patient-specific heterogeneity and scalable GMP manufacturing/characterisation of multi-component nanoplatforms. While preclinical validation remains necessary, this framework may inform future efforts to develop spatiotemporally controlled, multifunctional therapeutics for glioblastoma. This manuscript is a conceptual framework review that synthesises current strategies into actionable guidance for designing and reporting MF-R-LNs for GBM.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.