Development of a solar-integrated energy management system for grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid power exchange.

The development of efficient energy management strategies for electric vehicle (EV) charging is crucial to reduce grid stress and enhance renewable integration. This paper presents a solar-integrated energy management system that coordinates Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid operations through a solar irradiance and battery state-of-charge (SIBSOC) based controller. The proposed method dynamically adjusts charging and discharging modes depending on irradiance and SOC conditions. MATLAB/Simulink simulations are carried out under high, medium, and zero irradiance conditions. Results show that under optimal irradiance (1000 W/m2), the photovoltaic (PV) array is capable of delivering up to 96% of the EV charging demand, with excess power injected into the grid. When irradiance drops to 500 W/m2, the PV contribution reduces proportionally, yet the system sustains a stable DC link voltage of 850 V, ensuring uninterrupted charging. In the absence of irradiance, the EV battery supplies power back to the grid, achieving a 14–18% reduction in grid dependency during peak demand hours. Compared with conventional grid-only charging, the proposed control reduces grid power draw by approximately 42% and improves overall system efficiency by 11.6%. These findings confirm that the SIBSOC-based strategy enhances grid reliability, minimizes renewable intermittency impact, and supports sustainable EV integration into modern power systems.