ArticleVeterinary research2025
Pathology and virology of natural high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) Gs/GD genotype BB virus infection in wild black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus).
Article in Veterinary research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Novel avian calicivirus genome with type IV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) in black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in Hungary.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Pathological evidence of neurotropism and oculotropism in wild black-headed gulls naturally infected with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ongoing worldwide outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage has caused unprecedented mortality amongst an ever-expanding number of avian and mammalian species. This includes black-headed gulls, which suffered high mortality from this virus in 2022 and 2023. We performed pathological and virological analyses on black-headed gulls and a common tern found dead in a breeding site in The Netherlands in spring 2023 in order to characterise the pathogenesis of HPAI Gs/GD virus infection in these species. We found a strong tropism of HPAI H5 Gs/GD virus for the central nervous system, pancreas, lungs, and the preen gland, with acute necrosis as the main associated lesion. Affected organs revealed high virus RNA loads and intralesional expression of virus antigen, confirming HPAI H5 Gs/GD virus infection as the cause of disease and mortality. Genetic sequencing showed that this HPAI H5 Gs/GD clade 2.3.4.4b virus belonged to the gull-adapted BB genotype. Comprehensive pathogenesis studies in a cohort of wild animals naturally infected with HPAI H5 Gs/GD virus are scarce, yet the knowledge gained may fill knowledge gaps to help mitigate future HPAI outbreaks.
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