Mutual perception among conspecific seeds enhances germination synchrony.

backgroundCooperation among conspecific seeds, which influences germination timing and quantity, can enhance the interspecific competitive ability and environmental adaptability of invasive plants. However, the specific underlying mechanisms require further investigation. This study investigates whether a chemical mechanism of mutual perception exists among seeds of the invasive plant Ambrosia trifida L. and its potential impact on seed germination.

resultsWe found that increased seed density and higher concentrations of seed extracts significantly promoted germination rates and reduced germination time in Ambrosia trifida L. seeds. Aggregated seeds germinated earlier and more synchronously than isolated seeds, indicating the presence of seed-to-seed communication mediated by chemical signals. Widely targeted metabolomic analysis identified 527 chemical compounds in the seed extracts, with 150 involved in key metabolic pathways. Notably, secondary metabolites in the shikimates and phenylpropanoids class were enriched, particularly angelicin. Quantitative analysis confirmed that angelicin significantly enhanced germination synchronicity when applied at various concentrations.

conclusionsOur research findings indicate that Ambrosia trifida seeds communicate through secondary metabolites, with angelicin playing a key role in promoting synchronized germination. This chemical communication among conspecific seeds facilitates the rapid and uniform establishment of populations. Understanding this mechanism provides new insights into plant ecology and offers potential strategies for managing invasive species.