ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Global burden and cross-country inequalities in rabies from 1990 to 2021: a systemic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global burden of varicella in children aged 5-9 y, relationship with vaccination policy indicators, and projected trends to 2030.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Time Series and Pattern of Dog Bites and Rabies in the Ashanti Region, Ghana, 2009-2019: A Call for Inter-Sectoral Collaboration in the Fight Against Rabies.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Prevention of neuroinfectious-diseases: high impact of vaccination programs - but the potential is not maxed out yet.Neurological research and practice · 2026Review
- Clinic-based characteristics of animal-related injury presentations in Hangzhou, China: a 10-year retrospective analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundRabies is a nearly 100% fatal, vaccine-preventable disease. This study provides a comprehensive global analysis of rabies burden from 1990 to 2021, highlighting health inequality, and aims to inform resource allocation and reduce the overall burden.
methodsThe study systematically evaluated the global, regional, and national burden of rabies and its trends from 1990 to 2021 using data from the GBD 2021 database. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was applied to project future disease burden trends, including age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life-years rate (ASDR). Frontier analysis was conducted to estimate achievable outcomes across different development levels, and decomposition analysis was employed to identify the driving factors behind changes in disease burden.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global burden of rabies showed a significant decline across multiple indicators. Specifically, the ASIR decreased from 0.42 per 100,000 population [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 0.30, 0.55] in 1990 to 0.13 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 0.08, 0.18) in 2021, reflecting a 69.38% reduction [95% UI: −77.61, −61.03; estimated annual percentage change (EAPC): −4.06% (95% confidence interval, CI: −4.32, −3.80)]. Similar reductions were observed in the ASMR, and ASDR, which declined by 69.35% (95% UI: −77.62, −61.02), and 69.39% (95% UI: −79.35, −59.48), respectively. Frontier analysis showed that significant room for improvement in rabies prevention and control remains in several high-SDI countries and regions, such as the United Arab Emirates, Norway, the United States, Latvia, and Greenland, and many low SDI countries.
conclusionDespite progress in reducing rabies burden, low-SDI regions remain a priority. Key strategies include enhancing canine vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, stray dog control, and international collaboration. Future research should improve data quality and adapt interventions to local contexts to achieve the 2030 goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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