ReviewNature neuroscience2026
Recommendations for the inclusion and study of sex and gender in research.
Review in Nature neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Automated estimation of the logistic curve model of cerebral COJournal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2026Article
- Article
- A Thematic Narrative Review of Osteoarthritis Risk Factors Across the Female Life Course.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Intraplantar CFA Inflammatory Pain Model Incompletely Captures Pain Comorbidities Across Sexes.Journal of neuroscience research · 2026Article
- Claims of sex-dependent effects in the behavioral and brain sciences are infrequently supported by valid statistical comparisons.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Adolescent obesity induces sex-specific alterations of action control.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Depression: Adult Cytogenesis as Potential Target for Precision Psychiatry.Cells · 2026Review
- Comment on "sex-specific pain management and outcomes in pediatric elective posterior spinal fusion: a database review".Spine deformity · 2026Article
- Need-standardised comparisons are required before inferring sex and gender bias in major trauma care.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- The "sex-specific effect:" Evaluating analytical approaches to sex-dependence in the behavioral and brain sciences.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Disrupted synapses: prefrontal cortex-reward circuit dysfunction in stress-induced depression-like behaviors.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- A male rat model integrating hypertension, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and aging recapitulates multimodal cerebral small vessel disease phenotypes.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Immersive virtual reality for pediatric burn pain and early rehabilitation.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Sex-specific differences in nociceptive behaviour and the amygdala endocannabinoid system in the rat monoiodoacetate-induced knee osteoarthritis model.Neurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
- Exercise-induced hypoalgesia in healthy males is best explained by mechanisms selectively affecting deep-tissue pain sensitivity within exercising body parts.Neurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
32 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex and gender are important variables in research, but they are inconsistently explored. The international PAINDIFF Network makes 13 recommendations for studying sex and gender as variables in pain research, which are applicable across the spectrum of biopsychosocial research. Five universal recommendations apply to the majority of research studies: (1) include males and females as standard practice, (2) account for sex in randomization or counterbalancing and testing order, (3) power for sex differences when sex is a primary experimental variable, (4) include detailed reporting of experimental design, and (5) conduct sex-disaggregated analysis and reporting. Three additional recommendations specifically for preclinical studies and five additional recommendations for human and clinical studies are included. Recommendations for stakeholders, such as editors, reviewers, funding bodies and policymakers, have also been developed. Wide adoption and implementation of these recommendations will reduce variability, improve reproducibility and enhance the translatability of research findings within and beyond the field of pain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41461929What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.