ReviewMolecular biology reports2025
Polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive review with a focus on the role of 4-amino-4-doexy-L-arabinose.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Novel Real-Time SYBR Green PCR Assay for Integron Profiling inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- In Silico Mutational Analysis of Two-Component System Genes Associated with Colistin Resistance in ClinicalBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Colistin-stabilized antisolvent precipitation enables engineering of microcrystalline niclosamide for inhalable composite powders.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Lipopeptide Engineering: From Natural Origins to Rational Design Against Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Polymyxin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria poses a serious global health threat by limiting treatment options for multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying polymyxin resistance, with a particular focus on the role of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification. We discuss the regulation of L-Ara4N biosynthesis and transfer by two-component systems such as PmrAB, PhoPQ, CrrAB, CprRS, ColRS, and ParRS, which mediate bacterial responses to environmental stimuli. Furthermore, we synthesize recent findings on combination therapies designed to restore polymyxin efficacy, including agents such as natural polyphenols, antimicrobial peptides, and secondary metabolites. Special attention is given to emerging strategies targeting ArnT, including inhibitors with ent-beyerane skeletons (e.g., BBN149 from Fabiana densa var. ramulosa). Finally, this review highlights ongoing challenges related to polymyxin toxicity and underscores the need for future research aimed at optimizing dosing strategies and reducing adverse effects. By integrating findings across multiple studies, this review provides an updated overview of current approaches to counteract polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.