ArticlePhotochemistry and photobiology
Evaluation of antibacterial photodynamic efficacy of a novel cationic near infrared chlorophyll derivative against planktonic and biofilm-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Article in Photochemistry and photobiology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, its effectiveness is compromised, particularly when bacteria hide within biofilm and if infection spreads deeper in tissue. To overcome this limitation, photosensitizers having absorption in the near-infrared region (NIR) (650-800 nm), where light penetrates deeper in tissue, need to be developed. We report aPDT efficacy of Cycloimide Purpurin-18 betaine hydrazide conjugate (CIPp-18-BH), a cationic chlorophyll derivative, against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO). CIPp-18-BH was synthesized by conjugating CIPp-18 to betaine hydrazide (BH) using a carbodiimide coupling reaction. CIPp-18-BH, as compared to CIPp-18, exhibited lower lipophilicity; thereby, it did not aggregate in aqueous conditions and generated a substantial amount of singlet oxygen upon photo-excitation with red light. CIPp-18-BH exhibited no fluorescence in water and substantial fluorescence in less polar solvents. CIPp-18-BH bound to planktonic bacteria did not show fluorescence; whereas remarkable fluorescence was seen in biofilms, indicating it lies on the surface of bacteria and accumulates within the apolar micro-environment of biofilms. PDT of planktonic MRSA and PAO with 40 μM CIPp-18-BH led to ~7 log and ~2.5 log reduction in cell viability, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that PDT led to substantial bacterial inactivation within MRSA and PAO biofilms, resulting in inhibition of biofilm growth by ~50% and ~20%, respectively. Results demonstrate that CIPp-18-BH is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm-borne bacteria.
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