SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2025
Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of BCGosis following BCG vaccination in infants: a systematic review and meta-analyses.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Central nervous system complications after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation: best practice recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonisation and guidelines committee on epidemiology, outcome and neuroimaging.Bone marrow transplantation · 2026Guideline
- BCG vaccination in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan: Current status and future perspectives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is widely administered in countries with high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence to protect against severe forms of childhood TB. Despite its efficacy, the vaccine can lead to adverse effects like BCGosis, a severe but rare condition marked by systemic granulomatous inflammation. This is because the vaccine is comprised of attenuated BCG bacteria which has the potential to cause uncontrolled dissemination beyond the injection site. Immunocompromised children are particularly vulnerable to this side effect. Through a systematic review of the current literature, this analysis seeks to determine the global incidence of BCGosis and identify critical risk factors associated with its onset. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-2020 guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The review's objectives and scope were framed using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study Design) framework. Results: Not surprisingly, BCGosis is most prevalent in infants with underlying genetic immunodeficiencies such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We found a high correlation between the development of BCGosis and genetic mutations affecting certain immune processes, notably those involved in NADPH oxidase function and interferon-gamma signalling. The risks of developing these mutations also correlated with the prevalence of consanguinity, a common practice in certain populations. Factors like early neonatal vaccination (often within the first week of life) and variations in BCG strains may also influence BCGosis risk. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for enhanced pre-vaccination screening for genetic and immunologic vulnerabilities in infants at hight risk for BCGosis, particularly in populations with high consanguinity rates. Alternatively, considerations should be made as to modifying existing vaccination schedules or postponing BCG immunization until immune competency can be confirmed in these high risk groups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.