ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Relevant pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence studies on Chlorpheniramine maleate (various species): a review.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Cardiac Safety of Intranasal Chlorpheniramine: An Exposure-Based Risk Assessment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) is a first-generation H1-antihistamine widely used for allergic conditions, yet its pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioavailability profiles across species remain poorly characterized. Understanding interspecies variability is critical for translational applications and the development of novel formulations. This review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, species-specific behavior, mechanistic insights, and formulation-dependent variability of CPM, with emphasis on intranasal and buccal administration routes and their translational potential. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in accordance with PRISMA-ScR 2018 Guidelines on studies assessing CPM pharmacokinetics in hu-mans and animal models. The identification phases consisted of keyword terms mesh in PubMed: Search 1: Chlorpheniramine Bioavailability (n = 38), Search 2: Chlorpheniramine Bioequivalency (n = 14), and Search 3: Intranasal Chlorpheniramine (n = 54). Repeated or irrelevant studies were excluded, with a total of 22 studies analyzed, from which 13 are included in the final report. Results: CPM exhibits moderate oral bioavailability (25%-50%) and extensive tissue distribution, with a long elimination half-life (∼20 h). Intranasal and buccal routes demonstrate faster absorption and partial hepatic bypass. Bioequivalence studies reveal significant formulation-dependent variability, influenced by excipient design, release profiles, and stereochemistry. Conclusion: CPM remains a pharmacologically valuable molecule with underexplored delivery routes and applications. Standardization of formulations, population-specific pharmacokinetics, and further trials are warranted to unlock the full therapeutic potential of this approach beyond classical allergy treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.