ArticleBMC plant biology2025
Synergistic protective effects of rhizobacterial culture filtrate and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Pantoea leaf spot in cucumber.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- ZnO Nanoparticles Enhance the Biocontrol Efficacy ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Global food security is increasingly threatened by plant diseases and the excessive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Nanotechnology and biological agents such as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), particularly Bacillus spp., offer cutting-edge strategies for sustainable crop protection. This study investigates the individual and synergistic effects of Bacillus culture filtrate (BCF) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in controlling Pantoea sp., the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) in cucumber, and enhancing plant performance under greenhouse conditions. Antimicrobial activity was assessed in vitro, Bacillus-derived secondary metabolites were identified via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and plant health indicators—including disease severity, physiological traits, and fruit yield—were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro assays revealed that ZnO-NPs exhibited a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with inhibition zones increasing from 3 mm at 0 ppm to 38 mm at 200 ppm. Meanwhile, Bacillus culture filtrate alone produced a significant inhibition zone of 40 mm against Pantoea sp. GC–MS analysis of the methanolic extract of Bacillus sp. identified twenty bioactive compounds, many of which are known for their antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting properties, likely contributing to the observed effects. Under greenhouse conditions challenged with Pantoea sp., the co-application of 200 ppm ZnO-NPs and Bacillus culture filtrate significantly reduced bacterial leaf spot severity in cucumber plants, lowering the symptom score to 1.1 on a 1–7 scale. This combined treatment also significantly enhanced physiological traits, including leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value: 59.0), total phenolic content (1.76 mg GAE g−1 FW), and leaf macro- and micronutrient levels, while maximizing productivity—achieving the highest fruit number per plant (14.2) and total yield (2.42 kg/plant). These findings support the integration of ZnO-NPs and Bacillus-based biostimulants as a promising eco-friendly strategy for disease management and productivity enhancement in cucumber cultivation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.