ArticleCardiovascular and interventional radiology2026
Dual-Layer Spectral CT for in Vivo Thermometry During Thermal Ablation.
Article in Cardiovascular and interventional radiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- See the Heat: Turning Thermal Energy into Image with Spectral CT.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2026Article
- In Vivo Thermometry during Microwave Ablation Using Dual-Layer Spectral CT: A Proof-of-Concept Swine Model.Radiology. Imaging cancer · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the ability of spectral CT to non-invasively monitor liver temperature in vivo during thermal ablation. MATERIALS AND
methodsUnder a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, domestic swine (n = 3) underwent microwave ablation (MWA). Four thermocouples were percutaneously placed in the ablation region under ultrasound guidance. Single-probe MWA was performed for 5 min at 65W. Sequential dual-layer spectral CT scans were collected at 1-min intervals during and after ablation (n = 16 scans/subject). Pre- and post-ablation contrast-enhanced CTs were acquired. Virtual monoenergetic images (70 keV) were used to mask gas bubbles and metal artifacts and to identify and segment ROIs at the thermocouple tips. Electron density weighted (EDW), effective atomic number (Z-eff), and conventional CT results were associated with temperature using correlation analysis and polynomial curve fitting. Explanted ablation zones were sectioned perpendicular to the probe track, and gross pathology was analyzed.
resultsTwelve thermocouples were placed near the MWA probe shaft at a mean distance of 8.3 mm (range 2.5-24.0 mm). Maximum measurements for each thermocouple ranged from 46 to 99 °C (overall range 29-99 °C). Temperature measurements were compared to corresponding spectral CT imaging results (n = 192). At the thermocouple locations, the mean EDW was 103.9 ± 0.97 (range 98.5-105.8). A negative linear correlation was found between temperature and EDW (r = - 0.570, 95%CI [- 0.483 - 0.645], p < 0.001, root mean squared error = 8.05 °C).
conclusionThis proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring temperature in vivo using spectral CT during thermal ablation. Intraprocedural temperature feedback may improve treatment margin identification and monitoring of nearby critical structures.
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