Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41454409›Full record

ArticleScandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine2025

Spinal cord injury in the context of major motor vehicle collision trauma: a retrospective ecological analysis of global estimates across income groups.

Tim Nutbeam, Jessica Caterson, Colleen J Saunders, Hendry R Sawe, Sabariah Faizah Jamaluddin, Ian Roberts, Jason E Smith, Paulus Ambunda, Willem Stassen

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. The diamond minutes: rethinking the earliest link of the trauma chain of survival.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Tim NutbeamIMPACT, Centre for Post-Collision Research Translation and Impact, Exeter, UK. timnutbeam@nhs.net.
Jessica CatersonDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Colleen J SaundersDivision of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family, Community and Emergency Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Hendry R SaweEmergency Medicine Department, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Sabariah Faizah JamaluddinDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
Ian RobertsClinical Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Jason E SmithEmergency Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.
Paulus AmbundaDivision of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family, Community and Emergency Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Willem StassenDivision of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family, Community and Emergency Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of death globally, especially in low- (LICs) and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this burden, post-crash care remains underdeveloped. Many clinical principles of post-crash care focus on spinal cord injury (SCI), yet its incidence is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of death and non-fatal RTI with a specific focus on SCIs using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data.

methodsA retrospective ecological analysis was conducted using GBD 2019 data for 204 countries and territories (2012-2019). We examined the MVC-related mortality, SCIs, and major non-fatal injuries stratified by income group and sex. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were compared across income groups using regression models. SCIs were analysed as a proportion of all non-fatal injuries across income groups.

resultsMVC-related mortality incidence rates were significantly lower in high-income (HICs) [IRR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.69-0.91); p = 0.001], UMICs [IRR 0.72 (95% CI 0.63-0.82); p < 0.001], and LMICs [IRR 0.67 (95% CI: 0.59-0.76); p < 0.001] compared with LICs. SCIs accounted for ~ 0.5% of non-fatal injuries, with a significantly higher proportion in LICs (p < 0.001). Males consistently showed higher injury and mortality incidence rates than females.

conclusionsSCIs from MVCs are relatively rare, but disproportionately affect LICs. Strengthening bystander response, developing context-specific post-crash protocol, and improving prehospital systems may reduce disparities and improve outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.

Indexed as

Accidents, TrafficIncomeSpinal Cord InjuriesAdultFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesEcological analysisInjury epidemiologyPost-crash careRoad InjurySpinal cord injury

Identifiers

PMID41454409
PMCPMC12853970

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.