Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41454280›Full record

ArticleBMC medical education2025

Virtual simulation system in cataract education for medical undergraduates: a prospective quasi-experimental study.

Meng-Lu Zhang, Wen Bai, Zhi-Peng Yan, Hui-Min Ge, Qiu-Yang Zhang, Xi-Yan Ding, Yan-Qing Liu, Xiang Li, Qin Jiang, Ke-Ran Li and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC medical education, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Meng-Lu Zhang *The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Wen Bai *The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Zhi-Peng Yan *The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Hui-Min GeThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Qiu-Yang ZhangThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Xi-Yan DingThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Yan-Qing LiuThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Xiang LiThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Qin JiangThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. jqin710@vip.sina.com.
Ke-Ran LiThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. kathykeran860327@126.com.
Wei-Hong ShangThe Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. swhong921@163.com.

Funding

Computer Basics Education and Teaching Research Project from Association of Fundamental Computing Education in Chinese Universities 2023-AFCEC-333Education Research Project of Nanjing Medical University 2023ZC055Jiangsu Provincial Education Science Planning Program C/2023/01/31Nanjing Health Science and Technology Development Project GAX23305
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) simulation has transformative potential in medical education by allowing risk-free practice of clinical procedures in anatomically accurate, immersive environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual reality simulation teaching model for cataract surgery in undergraduate medical education, compared to traditional teaching methods. A prospective study was conducted with 71 undergraduate students majoring in ophthalmology and optometry at Nanjing Medical University, divided into an experimental group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 36). The experimental group received practical training using a VR simulation model, while the control group received traditional offline practical training. Teaching effectiveness was assessed in three modules-clinical reasoning competency, clinical diagnostic proficiency, and surgical technical skills-through dual-mode assessments based on both the VR simulation platform and traditional methods. Results showed that the experimental group scored significantly higher in both traditional and VR assessments (P < 0.05). In the traditional assessment, the experimental group scored higher in Total Score (82.22 ± 4.34 vs. 76.83 ± 5.14), Clinical Reasoning Competency (12.61 ± 0.81 vs. 12.01 ± 0.81), Clinical Diagnostic Proficiency (48.98 ± 3.33 vs. 46.03 ± 3.96), and Surgical Technical Skills (20.64 ± 0.79 vs. 18.79 ± 1.67). This advantage was even more pronounced in the VR assessment, with the experimental group showing substantial superiority in Total Score (84.06 ± 4.85 vs. 71.06 ± 6.84), Clinical Reasoning Competency (10.57 ± 2.19 vs. 9.08 ± 2.06), Clinical Diagnostic Proficiency (52.17 ± 2.83 vs. 43.36 ± 4.01), and Surgical Technical Skills (21.31 ± 2.19 vs. 18.61 ± 2.93). The virtual reality simulation teaching model significantly enhanced medical students' clinical thinking, clinical diagnosis, and surgical operation skills, outperforming traditional teaching methods.

Indexed as

Cataract ExtractionEducation, Medical, UndergraduateSimulation TrainingVirtual RealityAdultChinaClinical CompetenceComputer SimulationEducational MeasurementFemaleHumansMaleProspective StudiesStudents, MedicalYoung AdultCataractMedical studentOphthalmologyUndergraduate educationVirtual reality simulationVirtual training

Identifiers

PMID41454280
PMCPMC12853699

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.