ArticleNPJ breast cancer2025
Tractable mouse TNBC models capture the heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment and adaptation to PD-L1 blockade.
Article in NPJ breast cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Focused ultrasound thermal ablation and CD40 agonism reprograms breast tumor immunity to drive regression and memory.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Focused Ultrasound Thermal Ablation and CD40 Agonism Reprograms Breast Tumor Immunity to Drive Regression and Memory.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clinically accessible drug-based nano-assemblies with self-targeting ability for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided surgery in triple-negative breast cancer.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Neural regulation of immune evasion in breast cancer: a multiscale neuro-immune framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients exhibit variable responses to programmed death (PD)-ligand (L)1 blockade, largely determined by the 'hot' vs 'cold' state of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). We here characterized nine mouse TNBC models, relying on intraductal mammary gland inoculation of established mouse TNBC cell lines, with a heterogeneous TIME to study anti-PD-L1 resistance mechanisms. Complementary in vitro and in vivo screening classified the 4T1-hot-based model, a highly inflamed control through its immunogenic luciferase tag expression compared to the untagged 4T1-cold-based model, as displaying the 'hottest' TIME. However, both 4T1-based counterparts did not respond to anti-PD-L1, which was attributed to their immunosuppressive myeloid cell content, as well as upregulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the 4T1-hot and high PD-L1-expressing CXCL10
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.