Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41453816›Full record

ArticleJournal of optometry

Home-based perceptual learning augments high-frequency contrast sensitivity and stereopsis after esotropia surgery: A retrospective cohort study.

Kai Xu, Wenting Luo, Haiyun Ye, Xiaodong Du, Wen Li, Yue Di, Ce Zheng, Kourosh Shahraki, Donny W Suh, Tong Qiao

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of optometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Kai XuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Wenting LuoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Haiyun YeDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Xiaodong DuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Wen LiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Yue DiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Ce ZhengDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Kourosh ShahrakiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: kourosh.shahyar@gmail.com.
Donny W SuhDepartment of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Tong QiaoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: qiaojoel@163.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDespite successful surgical realignment, children with esotropia often retain deficits in medium and high spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivity (CS) and stereopsis due to persistent cortical suppression. While perceptual learning (PL) improves binocular outcomes in exotropia and amblyopia, its efficacy in esotropia remains unexplored.

methodsThis retrospective study analyzed 44 pediatric esotropia patients (mean age: 4.34 ± 1.68 years) who underwent strabismus surgery followed by ≥3 months of home-based computerized PL. CS was assessed at five SFs (1.5-18 cycles per degree [cpd]) using the Optec 6500 system, and stereoacuity was graded via Randot Preschool/Titmus Fly tests. Outcomes were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively (baseline), after 3 months of PL, and at final follow-up (mean: 172.15 ± 86.03 days).

resultsPost-PL, significant improvements emerged at medium SF: logCS increased from 2.02 ± 0.45 to 2.15 ± 0.37 at 6 cpd (P < 0.0001), and high SFs: logCS increased from 1.66 ± 0.53 to 1.89 ± 0.41 at 12 cpd (P < 0.0001) and from 1.18 ± 0.53 to 1.52 ± 0.41 at 18 cpd (P < 0.0001). Low SFs (1.5-3 cpd) showed no significant changes. Stereoacuity improved markedly, with 47.73% achieving good stereopsis (≤100 arcseconds) versus 13.64% post-surgery (P = 0.0003).

conclusionsThis study demonstrates, for the first time, that home-based PL selectively enhances medium-to-high-SF contrast sensitivity and promotes stereopsis recovery in pediatric esotropia after surgical alignment. These gains, likely mediated by cortical plasticity, address deficits unmitigated by surgery alone. PL represents a scalable adjuvant therapy to optimize functional vision, advocating for its integration into post-surgical rehabilitation protocols.

Indexed as

Contrast SensitivityDepth PerceptionEsotropiaLearningOphthalmologic Surgical ProceduresVision, BinocularChildChild, PreschoolFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleOculomotor MusclesRetrospective StudiesVisual AcuityContrast sensitivityEsotropiaPerceptual learningPost-surgicalStereopsis

Identifiers

PMID41453816
PMCPMC13063269

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.