SynthesisClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2025
Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.
Synthesis in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vaccination considerations in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Affect Adult Females More Severely Than Males.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce long-term immune dysregulation; however, its contribution to the development of autoimmune disease remains disputed. We aim to quantify the relative risk of new-onset autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and its modifiers through a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched to March 31, 2025, for cohort studies comparing individuals with and without confirmed COVID-19. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses examined the severity of acute COVID-19, vaccination status, and demographics. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, certainty of evidence with GRADE, and publication bias with funnel plots and Egger's test. The review protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025646186). Seventeen cohort studies, including over 250 million person-years, were included. COVID-19 was associated with a 49% increased risk of new-onset autoimmune-related diseases (AIRD; HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.21-1.83; p = 0.0002). Significant associations (p < 0·05) were observed for 17 of 23 outcomes, with the strongest risks in antiphospholipid syndrome (HR = 2·16), ANCA-associated vasculitis (HR = 2·15), mixed connective tissue disease (HR = 2·12), and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (HR = 1·87). Risk was higher after severe infection (HR = 1.70), but was reduced in vaccinated individuals (HR = 0.56, compared to 1.42 in unvaccinated individuals). The certainty of evidence was moderate for conditions with large effect sizes, but low overall, reflecting heterogeneity across studies and the non-randomized design of the included studies. SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting vascular and connective tissue. Risk is amplified by severe infection and attenuated by vaccination. These findings highlight the necessity of vaccination and targeted follow-up in severe COVID survivors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.