Article3D printing in medicine2025
Intraoperative use of mixed reality (MR) in humans across surgical disciplines: a major review.
Article in 3D printing in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrating AI Segmentation, Simulated Digital Twins, and Extended Reality into Medical Education: A Narrative Technical Review and Proof-of-Concept Case Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Mixed Reality-Assisted Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy for Post-Traumatic Nasolacrimal Obstruction with Extremely Distorted Maxillofacial Anatomy-Case Report.Journal of medical extended realityArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to assess the intraoperative utility, operative benefits, and limitations of mixed reality (MR) by reviewing the entire literature across surgical disciplines. A focused literature search was conducted on December 12, 2024, across major databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane. The review included original studies that examined intraoperative MR applications in human surgical procedures with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 6 or higher. Exclusion criteria ruled out studies involving augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) alone, as well as non-English literature and conference proceedings. Selected studies were categorized based on their application in surgical navigation, image guidance, and image reference. A total of 41 studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 760 patients across multiple surgical disciplines. Three primary MR applications were identified: (1) Surgical navigation (MR-SN): used for real-time instrument tracking and trajectory definition in procedures such as spinal surgery, neurosurgery, and maxillofacial surgery; (2) Image guidance (MR-IG): employed for visual overlay of 3D models onto anatomical landmarks without instrument tracking, primarily in visceral, plastic, and reconstructive surgery; (3) Image reference (MR-IR): utilized as a static 3D reference model adjacent to the surgical field in various disciplines, including ophthalmology and interventional radiology. The Microsoft HoloLens and HoloLens 2 were the most used head-mounted displays (HMDs), with additional applications of Magic Leap 2 and xvision Spine System. MR demonstrated improvements in surgical precision, efficiency, and visualization. However, limitations such as ergonomic discomfort, latency, narrow field of view, and challenges in anatomical superimposition were noted. Mixed reality is an emerging technology with the potential to enhance intraoperative visualization, guidance, and navigation across multiple surgical disciplines. Several challenges limit its widespread adoption. Further clinical trials and regulatory approvals are required to establish MR as a standard tool in surgical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.