ArticlePublic health nutrition2025
Iron-rich foods consumption and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in South and Southeast Asia: a multilevel analysis of demographic and health surveys.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study assessed iron-rich food consumption and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in South and Southeast Asia.
designA cross-sectional study from the Standard Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2022).
settingSouth and Southeast Asian countries.
participantsData collected from 95 515 children aged 6-23 months, including information from their parents or caregivers.
resultsThe overall proportion of children, aged 6-23 months, consuming iron-rich foods in the region was 29·87 % (95 % CI: 29·58, 30·16). Higher odds of iron-rich food consumption were observed among children aged 12-23 months (adjusted OR (AOR) = 3·59; 95 % CI: 3·45, 3·76), had history of exclusive breast-feeding (AOR = 1·17; 95 % CI: 1·12, 1·23), born to teenage motherhood (AOR = 1·09; 95 % CI: 1·02, 1·17), born in health institution (AOR = 1·10; 95 % CI: 1·02, 1·19) and had pregnant mother at the time of the survey (AOR = 1·60; 95 % CI: 1·50, 1·72). Children of birth order 2-4 (AOR = 1·26; 95 % CI: 1·20, 1·32) and 5+ (AOR = 1·29; 95 % CI: 1·18, 1·43), from female-headed households (AOR = 1·06; 95 % CI: 1·01, 1·12) and those with household mass media exposure (AOR = 1·27; 95 % CI: 1·19, 1·36) also had significantly higher odds of iron-rich food consumption. Additionally, higher odds ratio (OR) (AOR > 1) of iron-rich food consumption were observed in Cambodia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Maldives, Philippines, Pakistan and Timor-Leste.
conclusionAcross countries, only about 30 % of children consumed iron-rich foods, with significant variation. Targeted public health efforts are essential to address maternal, child and household factors that influence intake.
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