ArticleEuropean heart journal open2025
Sex differences in the progression of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
Article in European heart journal open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Development of anJMIR diabetes · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Review
- Progesterone signaling in cardio-renal physiology and pathophysiology.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aims: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a novel disease concept; however, sex differences in its progression remain uncertain. This study aimed to quantify the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events across CKM stages and to explore sex differences in this association. Methods and results: We included 1 332 436 individuals (581 423 males and 751 013 females) from the DeSC database between 2014 and 2023 who had no prior CVD (i.e. CKM Stage 4). CKM stages were categorized as follows: Stage 0 (no CKM risk factors); Stage 1 (excess or dysfunctional adiposity); Stage 2 [metabolic risk factors and chronic kidney diseases (CKD)], and Stage 3 (subclinical CVD). We used Cox models to examine the association of CKM stages with the risk of CVD events (newly developed CKM Stage 4), including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral artery disease. The progression from CKM Stages 0 to 3 showed a dose-dependent increase in adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for developing CVD events, with the highest risk at Stage 3 [1.85 (95% CI: 1.80-1.90)]. A similar pattern was observed in both males and females. However, the magnitude of associations for CKM stages 1-3 differed between the sexes: HR by Stage 1, 1.12 (1.04-1.21) vs. 1.12 (1.07-1.16); by Stage 2, 1.78 (1.69-1.88) vs. 1.43 (1.39-1.48); by Stage 3, 1.99 (1.89-2.10) vs. 1.82 (1.76-1.88); and Conclusion: In this large nationwide cohort, CKM stage progression was associated with higher CVD risk in both sexes, with modest sex-specific differences. These findings highlight the value of CKM staging for early risk assessment, regardless of sex.
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