ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes mediate the generation of soluble PD-1 in an MMP-9-dependent manner: a novel target therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Dysregulated T cell homeostasis leading to enhanced immune responses is a critical pathogenic mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a crucial immune checkpoint that modulates T cell activity. Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) may contribute to the sustained activation of T cells. Investigating the mechanisms of sPD-1 production and its role in RA pathogenesis is essential for the development of alternative treatment strategies. Methods: A total of 122 patients with RA and 68 Health controls were enrolled in this study. We assessed PD-1 expression in T cells from patients with RA and measured sPD-1 levels in plasma, revealing a correlation between sPD-1 and disease activity progression in patients with RA. Furthermore, we examined the potential mechanisms underlying sPD-1 production in RA patients. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of PD-L1-MSA, a fusion protein containing C-terminal PD-L1 and full-length MSA, in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Results: Clinical analyses indicated that plasma sPD-1 levels positively correlated with indicators of disease activity. The generation of sPD-1 primarily resulted from matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-mediated shedding of surface PD-1 from activated T cells, with MMP-9 being derived from fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Additionally, therapeutic evaluation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice demonstrated that PD-L1-MSA, a fusion protein containing C-terminal PD-L1 and full-length mouse serum albumin (MSA), significantly mitigated pathological changes. Discussion: These results indicate that plasma sPD-1 levels are positively associated with RA disease activity, supporting its potential as a complementary biomarker for monitoring disease activity (especially in combination with traditional indicators like CRP/ESR), though its standalone diagnostic value requires further validation. Furthermore, targeting sPD-1, such as with PD-L1-MSA, represents a promising complementary therapeutic candidate for alleviating RA pathology.
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