ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Low education and employment status drive cardiometabolic health: a social determinants perspective in Chinese population.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Unraveling the Metabolic-Cardiovascular Disease Nexus: An Epidemiological Network Analysis Identifies Central Indicators.MedComm · 2026Article
- Occupational disparities in chronic disease prevalence and metabolic covariation: a cross-sectional study of six occupational groups in Lanzhou.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has emerged a major strain on healthcare systems worldwide, with marked disparities in incidence across different regions, which are partly attributed to social determinants of health (SDOH). While research has touched upon the link between SDOH and CKM, and isolated SDOH factor's influence on cardiovascular health has been probed in China, evaluation of how SDOH collectively affect CKM in Chinese population remains underexplored in a systematic fashion. Methods: The study drew on Shanghai community population (STONE cohort, Results: Unfavorable SDOH profiles, including limited schooling (OR = 8.18; 95% CI: 6.16-10.86), unemployment or retirement (OR = 11.38; 95% CI: 8.59-15.08), and low income (OR = 2.24; 95% CI: 1.78-2.81) were robustly linked to CKM advancement independent of classic metabolic risk factors. The effect was present only among adults aged 36-50 years (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.37-4.40). Women clear of alcohol displayed elevated odds with advanced CKM stages, whereas men did not show significant association with CKM progression. Conclusion: Unfavorable SDOH, especially low education and unemployed or retired, and limited income, constitute independent determinants of CKM progression. Embedding SDOH metrics into routine CKM surveillance and designing targeted interventions for mid-life adults and women could transform primary prevention strategies.
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