The use of 3D-printed replicas of homicide weapons during autopsy.

Gábor Simon, Dénes Tóth, Veronika Heckmann, Viktor Soma Poór

Abstract readCase Reports

In one paragraph

Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Signed in bone: Toolmark identification of a machete and multidisciplinary 3D reconstruction in a homicide investigation.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Gábor SimonDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary. gabor.simon@aok.pte.hu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-3260

Dénes TóthDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.

Veronika HeckmannDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.

Viktor Soma PoórDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A large percentage of homicides involve sharp or blunt weapons. Analyzing injuries and their mechanisms in such cases should include comparing the weapon with the injuries and evaluating the direction of impact(s). This is done typically through macroscopic observations, measurements, tool mark analysis or imaging techniques. Using replicas of weapons created via three-dimensional (3D) printing during autopsy can implement the application of these methods. Scaled photographs of weapons, routinely made during crime scene investigation, provide a perfect basis for 3D modelling. Three-dimensional objects such as hammers or axes, can be modeled with computer-aided design (CAD) software or 3D scanning methods like photogrammetry. Five case reports of homicides involving sharp or blunt weapons are presented to illustrate the routine application of 3D-printed replicas. The case reports illustrate how this technique can help demonstrate the mechanism, especially if combined with 3D reconstruction methods.

Indexed as

HomicideImaging, Three-DimensionalPrinting, Three-DimensionalWeaponsAdultAutopsyFemaleHumansMaleMiddle Aged3D printingBlunt forceForensic pathologyPost-mortem computer tomography (PMCT)Sharp forceStab wound

Identifiers

PMID41449256

DOI10.1007/s00414-025-03691-z

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.