ArticleEuropean journal of breast health2025
Assessing Lead Exposure by Biological Matrices Analysis and Links to Breast Cancer: A Critical Review of Experimental and Epidemiological Findings.
Article in European journal of breast health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Lead (Pb), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, is a toxic heavy metal known to interfere with enzymatic and hormonal processes. Its classification as a probable human carcinogen by international agencies has raised concerns about its potential role in cancer, including breast cancer (BC). This review critically examines epidemiological and experimental evidence linking Pb exposure to BC, emphasizing the impact of biological matrices used for Pb measurement on the consistency of findings. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Eligible studies quantified Pb in breast tissues, blood, urine, hair, or toenails and assessed its association with BC risk. Animal studies and non-English publications were excluded. Twenty-seven studies (described in 23 publications) quantified Pb in human biological matrices: breast tissue (
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