Hybrid sampling chemometric strategy for accurate and sustainable quantification of co-administered β-lactam antibiotics.

backgroundReliable chemometric models require representative and well-distributed calibration and validation datasets.

objectiveThe current study introduces a novel framework integrating diverse sampling strategies with multivariate modeling for the simultaneous UV-Vis quantification of aztreonam (AZM) and meropenem (MPM).

methodsThree sampling techniques, including Monte Carlo (MC), Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and Sobol Sequences (SS), were systematically evaluated in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS), Genetic Algorithm-Assisted PLS (GA-PLS), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Response surface strategy was followed for each sampling technique to assess their space coverage and points' distribution across the experimental domain. Moreover, a hybrid variable-selection approach, namely, Genetic Algorithm Information Complexity-Partial Least Squares (GA-ICOMP-PLS), was also introduced to optimize PLS model variables. Different validation techniques, including nested cross-validation, Y-randomization tests, and noise-profiling, have been followed to ensure the models' reliability.

resultsThe ANN model trained with the SS technique achieved the highest predictive accuracy, reducing RMSE by 2.6% for AZM and 39.9% for MPM compared to standard PLS. However, LHS-GA-PLS delivered low prediction errors (22.8% AZM and 5.7% MPM), while MC-PLS showed lower consistency due to non-uniform sampling. GA-ICOMP-PLS further improved prediction performance for both analytes, with error reduction ranging from 35.1% to 63.6% compared to conventional PLS. Rigorous validation testing confirmed unbiased predictions and model resilience under realistic analytical conditions. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to integrate structured sampling with chemometric modeling for β-lactam analysis. The approach improved model robustness, generalization, and sustainability, achieving high green metrics of SDS (Safety Data Sheets), AGREE (Analytical Greenness metric), and BAGI (Balanced Analytical Greenness Index) values of 0.84 and 85.0, respectively. The developed method represents a reliable, efficient, and eco-friendly strategy for pharmaceutical quality control and environmental monitoring.