ArticleScientific reports2025
Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunity in mice.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Targeting dengue through mucosal vaccination: the potential of NS1 and bacterial spore-based delivery platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected global health and economies. While vaccines have helped reduce mortality from the disease, the inability to prevent its transmission hinders full eradication. Mucosal vaccines capable of preventing virus transmission, hence, are urgently needed. A possible approach involves using Bacillus subtilis, a safe Gram-positive bacterium, as a bacterial spore vaccine delivery platform. Using this approach, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is engineered to be expressed in B. subtilis during bacterial sporulation. The recombinant bacterial spores, when used to immunize Balb/c mice, triggered significant immune responses. Two weeks after the second dose, mice showed elevated levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgM, IgG, and sIgA. The immunization also boosted CD4
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