ArticleCellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology2026
Role of Innate Oral Immunity and the Salivary Fluid in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Article in Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Pancreatitis: correcting CFTR expression and function as a promising effective treatment.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
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8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsOral and gut health are tightly connected through their microbiome and immunity, including in disease states. The oral adaptive immunity contributes to the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the role of oral innate immunity, and more specifically the saliva, in gut microbiome and IBD is poorly understood.
methodsWe used 2 mouse models with reduced saliva, nonobese diabetic (NOD) and aquaporin 5 (Aqp5)
resultsAnalysis of the oral microbiome at various conditions revealed that the saliva has a minimal role in shaping the oral microbiome. However, salivation affected the composition of the gut microbiome. Moreover, the lack of saliva significantly delayed development of dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis, but resulted in a later, age-dependent, rapidly developed weight loss and death. The dual roles of the saliva were caused by 2 immunomodulatory peptides secreted by salivary glands. Fractionation and mass spectroscopy analysis identified trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) as a protective component and the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as the damaging component of the saliva. The effects of the salivary fluid, TFF2, and MIF were primarily due to control of the gut barrier, rather than the gut microbiome. Scavenging salivary TFF2 and MIF with antibodies resulted in exacerbating and protection, respectively, of IBD.
conclusionsThe oral innate immunity has a major role in shaping the gut microbiome through secretion of MIF and TFF2. Control of MIF and TFF2 can benefit the treatment of colitis.
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