Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41442576›Full record

ArticleMacromolecular rapid communications2026

A Non-Antigenic Randomized Polyethylene Glycol/Poly(2-Phenyl-2-Oxazine)-Based Drug Delivery Platform.

Julian Schmidt, Anna-Lena Ziegler, Florian T Kaps, Laura J Rosenberger, Matthias Bros, Holger Frey, Robert Luxenhofer

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Macromolecular rapid communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Julian SchmidtDepartment of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1206-099X
Anna-Lena ZieglerSoft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6963-1628
Florian T KapsSoft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8518-0518
Laura J RosenbergerDepartment of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8477-7892
Matthias BrosDepartment of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Holger FreyDepartment of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-3103
Robert LuxenhoferSoft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-7404

Funding

Carl Zeiss Stiftung Nano@Liver,P7European Research Council 101055434Research Council of Finland 342983Research Council of Finland 352397University of Helsinki
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) plays a central role in nanomedicine, providing essential properties such as the stealth effect. However, the emergence of anti-PEG antibodies (APAs) increasingly undermines these benefits, raising concerns about safety and efficiency. This creates an urgent need for PEG alternatives. Randomized PEG (rPEG) represents a conceptually new strategy that preserves the PEG-like structure and performance while markedly reducing antigenicity. In this work, rPEG is employed as a non-antigenic A-block in ABA-type polymeric micelles (PMs). To enhance drug loading capacity beyond conventional PMs, the hydrophobic middle block is composed of poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazine) (PPheOzi). rPEG is synthesized by anionic ring-opening polymerization, PPheOzi by cationic ring-opening polymerization, and the combined rPEG-b-PPheOzi-b-rPEG triblock copolymers are linked via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The formulations exhibit a distinct correlation between the solubilization of Efavirenz and the systematically varied rPEG composition, ranging from outstanding to moderate micelle drug loading capacities. A fundamental preclinical safety profile was established through investigations in murine fibroblasts and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed a pronounced reduction in APA affinity in comparison to PEG. Taken together, the synergistic combination of rPEG and PPheOzi establishes a non-antigenic micellar platform capable of achieving high drug loadings.

Indexed as

BenzoxazinesDrug CarriersDrug Delivery SystemsOxazinesPolyethylene GlycolsPolymersAlkynesAnimalsCyclopropanesHumansLeukocytes, MononuclearMiceMicellesAlkynesBenzoxazinesCyclopropanesDrug CarriersefavirenzMicellesOxazinesPolyethylene GlycolsPolymersABA‐triblock copolymeranti‐PEG antibodiesdrug deliveryPEG‐alternativespolymeric micellesPOx/POzirPEG

Identifiers

PMID41442576
PMCPMC13384809

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.