ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
The interactive effects of biological sex and skeletal muscle fiber properties on knee-extensor muscle relaxation induced by TMS in unfatigued and fatigued states.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeBiological sex and muscle fiber type affect muscle relaxation. However, assessments probing the interaction effect are lacking. This study examined whether any difference in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced muscle relaxation results from the interaction effects of biological sex and skeletal muscle fiber properties in (un)fatigued knee extensors.
methodsTMS-induced muscle relaxation was assessed in twenty participants (10 females/10 males) before, after a 2-min sustained maximum voluntary isometric contraction, and four times within 8-min of recovery. Vastus lateralis muscle tissue was obtained separately from the participants' dominant limb.
resultsType I fiber distribution was not different between sexes (females: 53 ± 11%; males: 43 ± 9%; P = 0.050), and relative cross-sectional area of type I fibers was larger for females (53 ± 3% vs. 48 ± 4%; P = 0.005). Females exhibited ~ 40% slower muscle relaxation in an unfatigued state (-8.8 ± 2.3 s
conclusionsAmong females, muscle fiber characteristics were associated with TMS-induced muscle relaxation, whereas no comparable associations were observed in males. This underscores the importance of considering biological sex and skeletal muscle fiber properties when assessing changes in muscle relaxation responses to exercise.
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